We all know about the 28-day menstrual cycle, but have you heard about the 7 hormonal cycles in women?

“Over the course of a woman’s life, her hormones go through different phases—seven, to be exact. Plus, each stage lasts about seven years. Naturally, these changes shape women’s reproductive health, but they also have an impact on women’s health overall, says Dr. Shervin H. Shaffiy in Moms Choice Awards.

Seven is a very important number for women’s bodies:
On average, a woman menstruates for about 7 years during their lifetime.
Periods last around 2 to 7 days.
Sperm can survive in the fallopian tubes for up to 7 days after sex.

 

Here are the 7 hormonal cycles for women:

1. Puberty

Puberty is the period of physical and emotional development during which a girl’s body matures into an adult’s body capable of sexual reproduction. The onset and progression of puberty in women is driven by hormonal changes, primarily involving the release of sex hormones like estrogen and progesterone. The process typically begins between the ages of 8 and 13, but it can vary from person to person. Here’s a general overview of the stages and changes that occur during the female puberty cycle:

Initial Signs of Puberty (Ages 8-11):

• • The first signs of puberty in girls often include the growth of breast buds, which are small, firm lumps beneath the nipples.
  • Pubic hair begins to develop and becomes coarser and darker over time.
  • Girls may experience a growth spurt, becoming taller more rapidly.
    
    Menstruation (Ages 9-16):
    • Menstruation, or the onset of the menstrual cycle (periods), usually occurs between ages 9 and 16, although it can start earlier or later.
    • Menstruation marks the release of the first eggs (ovulation) from the ovaries. 
      

      Development of Secondary Sexual Characteristics (Ages 10-16):

      • Hips and thighs become wider, contributing to a more feminine body shape.
      • The growth of underarm hair and further development of pubic hair continues.
      • The voice may become slightly deeper, although it doesn’t change as significantly as in boys. 
        

        Mood and Emotional Changes:

        • Emotional and psychological changes can occur during puberty. Girls may experience mood swings, increased independence, and changes in self-esteem. 
          

          Ovulation and Regular Menstrual Cycles (Ages 12-16):

          • Over time, the menstrual cycle becomes more regular as ovulation becomes consistent.
          • Hormonal fluctuations continue to influence physical and emotional changes.
            

            
            Completion of Puberty (Ages 16-18):

            • Most girls will have completed the physical changes associated with puberty by the late teens.
            • Menstrual cycles become more predictable, and breast development is typically complete.
            • Emotional and psychological changes may continue to evolve as girls transition into adulthood.

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2. The menstrual cycle

The menstrual cycle is a natural, monthly process that occurs in people with female reproductive systems, typically between puberty and menopause. It involves a series of hormonal and physiological changes in the body to prepare for possible pregnancy. Here’s an overview of the menstrual cycle:

1. Menstruation (Days 1-5):

• The cycle begins with menstruation, also known as the period. This is the shedding of the uterine lining (endometrium) that has built up during the previous cycle.
• Menstrual blood, tissue, and fluids are expelled through the vagina.
• The first day of menstrual bleeding is considered “Day 1” of the menstrual cycle.

2. Follicular Phase (Days 1-13):

• Concurrent with menstruation, the brain’s pituitary gland releases follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), which stimulates the ovaries to develop a group of follicles (tiny sacs containing immature eggs).
• As the follicles grow, they produce estrogen, which helps thicken the uterine lining in preparation for a potential pregnancy.
• One dominant follicle usually emerges as the others degenerate. This dominant follicle continues to mature.

3. Ovulation (Around Day 14):

• A surge in luteinizing hormone (LH) triggers the mature follicle to release its egg (ovulation).
• The egg is released into the fallopian tube and can be fertilized by sperm during this time.
• Ovulation typically occurs around the middle of the menstrual cycle.

4. Luteal Phase (Days 15-28):

• After ovulation, the ruptured follicle transforms into a structure called the corpus luteum.
• The corpus luteum secretes progesterone, which prepares the uterine lining for possible implantation of a fertilized egg.
• If fertilization does not occur, the corpus luteum breaks down, leading to a drop in progesterone and estrogen levels.

5. Preparing for the Next Cycle (Days 28+):

• If fertilization and implantation do not happen, hormonal changes signal the body to shed the uterine lining, and menstruation begins again.
• If pregnancy occurs, the corpus luteum continues to produce hormones until the placenta takes over hormone production to support the pregnancy.

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3. Pregnancy

Pregnancy is a complex and transformative process during which a fertilized egg develops into a fetus and eventually a baby. The pregnancy cycle can be divided into several stages, each with its own unique developments and changes:

1. Conception:

• Pregnancy begins with conception, which occurs when a sperm cell from a male fertilizes an egg cell from a female in the fallopian tube.
• The fertilized egg, now called a zygote, begins to divide and develop.

2. Implantation:

• After several days, the zygote travels down the fallopian tube and into the uterus, where it attaches to the uterine lining in a process called implantation.
• Once implanted, the zygote is referred to as an embryo.

3. First Trimester (Weeks 1-12):

• During the first trimester, major organ systems and body structures begin to form.
• Key milestones include the development of the heart, brain, limbs, and facial features.
• The placenta, an organ that provides oxygen and nutrients to the embryo, forms and starts functioning.
• Hormonal changes can lead to pregnancy symptoms such as morning sickness, fatigue, and breast tenderness.

4. Second Trimester (Weeks 13-27):

• The second trimester is often considered the most comfortable for many pregnant individuals, as nausea and fatigue may decrease.
• The fetus continues to grow, and its movements become more noticeable.
• Ultrasound scans can reveal the baby’s sex and detect any potential abnormalities.
• The mother’s abdomen starts to visibly expand as the uterus grows.

5. Third Trimester (Weeks 28-40+):

• In the final trimester, the fetus undergoes significant growth and development of its organs and systems.
• The mother may experience more physical discomfort, such as backaches and difficulty sleeping.
• Braxton Hicks contractions, often called “false labour,” may begin as the body prepares for childbirth.
• The baby’s head typically engages in the pelvis, getting into position for birth.

6. Labour and Delivery:

• Labour is the process by which the uterus contracts to push the baby through the birth canal (vagina) and into the world.
• Contractions become more frequent, regular, and intense as labour progresses.
• The baby’s head passes through the cervix and vaginal canal until it is born.
• After birth, the placenta is expelled in a stage called the third stage of labour.

 

4. Postpartum

Postpartum, often referred to as the postpartum period or the postnatal period, is the period that follows childbirth. It is a crucial time for both the mother and the newborn, as it involves physical and emotional adjustments, recovery from childbirth, and the beginning of bonding and caregiving for the newborn. Here’s a more detailed explanation of the postpartum period:

1. Immediate Postpartum (Immediately After Birth):

• This phase begins immediately after childbirth and extends for a few hours.
• The mother may experience uterine contractions to expel excess blood and tissue (called afterbirth) and to help the uterus return to its pre-pregnancy size.
• Healthcare providers monitor the mother’s vital signs, bleeding, and overall recovery.
• Skin-to-skin contact between the mother and newborn is encouraged to promote bonding and breastfeeding.

2. Early Postpartum (First Few Days After Birth):

• The early postpartum period typically extends for the first few days after childbirth.
• The mother may experience discomfort, such as perineal soreness, uterine cramping, and vaginal bleeding (lochia), which is similar to a heavy period.
• Newborns undergo medical assessments, including measurements of weight, length, and vital signs.
• Parents and caregivers begin to learn how to care for the newborn, including feeding, diapering, and soothing techniques.
• Emotional adjustments, such as baby blues or postpartum depression, may begin to manifest.

3. Postpartum Recovery (First Few Weeks to Months):

• The postpartum recovery phase can extend for several weeks to months, depending on individual circumstances.
• The mother’s body continues to heal, and she may gradually regain her strength and energy.
• Breastfeeding or formula feeding continues, and the baby’s feeding and sleeping patterns may evolve.
• Postpartum check-ups with healthcare providers help monitor the mother’s physical and emotional well-being.
• Emotional and psychological changes, including postpartum mood disorders, can occur during this time.
• Support from partners, family, and friends is crucial to assist with childcare and household tasks.

4. Bonding and Adjustment (Ongoing):

• As the postpartum period continues, parents and caregivers develop a strong bond with the newborn.
• Adjusting to the new roles and responsibilities of parenthood can be emotionally challenging.
• Seeking support, both from healthcare professionals and support groups, is essential for emotional well-being.
• Monitoring the baby’s growth, development, and health remains an ongoing task.

5. Long-Term Postpartum (Beyond the First Year):

• The postpartum period extends beyond the first year, encompassing the early stages of parenting.
• Mothers may experience physical changes related to pregnancy and childbirth.
• Babies continue to grow and develop, reaching important milestones.
• Parents adapt to the evolving needs of their children and family dynamics.

The postpartum period varies from person to person, and each experience is unique. It’s important for new parents to seek regular healthcare check-ups, connect with support networks, and communicate openly about their physical and emotional well-being during this significant life transition. If any concerning symptoms or emotional challenges arise, it’s crucial to seek help from healthcare professionals.

 

5. Perimenopause

Perimenopause, often referred to as the “menopausal transition,” is the period leading up to menopause, during which a woman’s body undergoes significant hormonal and physical changes. It typically starts in a woman’s 40s but can begin in the late 30s or early 50s. Perimenopause is a natural part of the aging process and marks the gradual transition from the reproductive years to menopause, which is the point at which a woman has not had a menstrual period for 12 consecutive months.

Key characteristics and features of perimenopause include:

1. Irregular Menstrual Cycles:

• One of the most common signs of perimenopause is irregular menstrual cycles. Menstrual periods may become shorter or longer, lighter or heavier, and less predictable.
• Some women may experience missed periods, while others may have frequent periods.

2. Hormonal Fluctuations:

• Hormone levels, particularly estrogen and progesterone, start to fluctuate during perimenopause.
• These hormonal fluctuations can lead to various physical and emotional symptoms.

3. Physical Symptoms:

• Women going through perimenopause may experience a range of physical symptoms, including:
  • Hot flashes: Sudden sensations of heat that can cause sweating and discomfort.
  • Night sweats: Hot flashes that occur during the night, often leading to disrupted sleep.
  • Vaginal dryness: Reduced vaginal lubrication, which can lead to discomfort during intercourse.
  • Changes in skin and hair: Some women notice changes in skin texture and hair thickness or distribution.
  • Urinary changes: Increased frequency of urination or occasional urinary incontinence.

4. Emotional and Psychological Symptoms:

• Hormonal changes during perimenopause can also affect mood and emotions. Women may experience:
  • Mood swings
  • Irritability
  • Anxiety
  • Depression
  • Difficulty concentrating

5. Changes in Fertility:

• Fertility declines during perimenopause, and it becomes more challenging to conceive.
• However, it is still possible to become pregnant during this time, so contraception is necessary if pregnancy is not desired.

6. Bone Health:

• Estrogen helps maintain bone density, and its decline during perimenopause can lead to a higher risk of osteoporosis (weakening of the bones).

7. Cardiovascular Health:

• Changes in hormone levels can also influence cardiovascular health. It’s essential to maintain a heart-healthy lifestyle during perimenopause.

8. Duration and Variability:

• The duration of perimenopause varies from woman to woman but typically lasts several years, with an average duration of 4-5 years.
• It can be challenging to predict exactly when menopause will occur because it is defined retrospectively, after 12 consecutive months without a menstrual period.

 

6. Menopause

Menopause is a natural and significant stage in a woman’s life, marking the end of her reproductive years. It is defined as the point at which a woman has not had a menstrual period for 12 consecutive months. This typically occurs in midlife, around the age of 50, although the timing can vary widely among individuals. Menopause is the result of several hormonal and biological changes in a woman’s body. Here’s an overview of menopause:

 

Hormonal Changes

Menopause is primarily driven by changes in hormone levels, particularly estrogen and progesterone. These hormones play a crucial role in the menstrual cycle and reproductive function. As a woman approaches menopause, the ovaries gradually produce fewer hormones, leading to irregular menstrual cycles and eventually the cessation of menstruation.

 

Menopausal Symptoms

Menopause can bring about a range of physical and emotional symptoms. These can vary widely from woman to woman but may include:

• Hot flashes: Sudden sensations of heat that can cause sweating and discomfort.
• Night sweats: Hot flashes that occur during the night, often leading to disrupted sleep.
• Mood swings: Changes in mood and emotions.
• Vaginal dryness: Reduced vaginal lubrication, which can lead to discomfort during intercourse.
• Sleep disturbances: Changes in sleep patterns, including difficulty falling asleep or staying asleep.
• Changes in skin and hair: Some women notice changes in skin texture and hair thickness or distribution.
• Cognitive changes: Difficulty concentrating or memory lapses.

 

7. Postmenopause

Postmenopause is the stage of a woman’s life that follows menopause, which is defined as the point at which a woman has not had a menstrual period for 12 consecutive months. Menopause typically occurs around the age of 50, but the timing can vary widely among individuals. Postmenopause begins after this milestone and lasts for the rest of a woman’s life. It is a significant phase of the aging process and is characterized by several key features:

• Hormonal Changes: During postmenopause, hormone levels, especially estrogen and progesterone, remain consistently low. This hormonal stability contrasts with the hormonal fluctuations and irregular menstrual cycles that often characterize perimenopause (the period leading up to menopause). As a result, postmenopausal women do not experience menstruation or ovulation.
• Symptom Changes: Many of the symptoms associated with perimenopause and early menopause, such as hot flashes, night sweats, mood swings, and vaginal dryness, tend to improve or subside during postmenopause. However, some symptoms, such as changes in bone density and cardiovascular health, remain important concerns.
• Bone Health: The decline in estrogen levels after menopause can lead to a loss of bone density, increasing the risk of osteoporosis and fractures. Women in postmenopause are encouraged to focus on maintaining bone health through diet, exercise, and, in some cases, medication.
• Cardiovascular Health: Postmenopausal women may experience changes in cardiovascular health. Estrogen has a protective effect on blood vessels, and its decline can increase the risk of heart disease. Maintaining a heart-healthy lifestyle, including regular exercise and a balanced diet, becomes particularly important during this phase.
• Screening and Health Maintenance: Regular health check-ups and screenings, including mammograms, bone density scans, and cardiovascular assessments, are essential for monitoring and managing health during postmenopause. Healthcare providers may also discuss hormone replacement therapy (HRT) or other treatments if necessary to address specific symptoms or health concerns.
• Psychological and Emotional Well-being: Postmenopause can be a time of emotional adjustment. Some women may feel relief from the symptoms of perimenopause and menopause, while others may experience feelings related to the transition into a new phase of life. Emotional support and self-care are important for maintaining overall well-being.
• Sexual Health: Vaginal dryness and discomfort during intercourse, which can be common during perimenopause and early menopause, may continue to be issues for some postmenopausal women. Healthcare providers can offer solutions to address these concerns.

 

It’s important to note that while the term “postmenopause” describes the stage after menopause, it does not imply a lack of vitality or activity. Many women lead active and fulfilling lives during postmenopause and beyond. Embracing a healthy lifestyle, including regular exercise, a balanced diet, and emotional well-being, can contribute to a positive and vibrant postmenopausal experience. Additionally, staying engaged in preventive healthcare and seeking guidance from healthcare providers can help address any specific health concerns that may arise during this life stage.

 

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